青海可可西里东北部多秀湖和盐湖水化学特征研究

2016年3月系统采集了青海可可西里东北部多秀湖和盐湖的湖水及其入湖冰川融水。研究发现,两个湖泊湖水中离子含量均较高,主要阳离子含量顺序均为Na~+Mg~(2+)K~+Ca~(2+),主要阴离子含量顺序均为Cl~-SO_4~(2-)HCO_3~-CO_3~(2-);而入湖冰川融水的离子含量非常低。根据库尔纳可夫—瓦良什科水化学分类标准,多秀湖湖水属于硫酸盐型—硫酸镁亚型,盐湖湖水属于硫酸盐型—硫酸钠亚型。多秀湖和盐湖湖水Li—Mg—B的相关性均为正相关,说明两个湖泊中这3种元素的物质来源、搬运条件及富集环境具有很强的相似性。由于气候变暖导致大量矿化度低的冰川融水注入盐湖,矿化度较低的卓乃湖和库赛湖决堤湖水泄入盐湖,使得盐湖的面积较1997年扩大了5倍,湖水的矿化度降低了约10倍,而多秀湖近些年湖水矿化度变化较小。多秀湖湖水矿化度以及Li~+、Mg~(2+)和B_2O_3含量均较高,具有较好的资源潜在利用价值。     

Cultivated land change in the Belt and Road Initiative region

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)–a development strategy proposed by China – provides unprecedented opportunities for multi-dimensional communication and cooperation across Asia, Africa and Europe. In this study, we analyse the spatio-temporal changes in cultivated land in the BRI countries (64 in total) to better understand the land use status of China along with its periphery for targeting specific collaboration. We apply FAO statistics and GlobeLand30 (the world’s finest land cover data at a 30-m resolution), and develop three indicator groups (namely quantity, conversion, and utilization degree) for the analysis. The results show that cultivated land area in the BRI region increased 3.73×10⁴ km² between 2000 and 2010. The increased cultivated land was mainly found in Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, while the decreased cultivated land was mostly concentrated in China. Russia ranks first with an increase of 1.59×10⁴ km² cultivated land area, followed by Hungary (0.66×10⁴ km²) and India (0.57×104 km2). China decreased 1.95×10⁴ km² cultivated land area, followed by Bangladesh (–0.22×10⁴ km²) and Thailand (–0.22×10⁴ km²). Cultivated land was mainly transferred to/from forest, grassland, artificial surfaces and bare land, and transfer types in different regions have different characteristics: while large amount of cultivated land in China was converted to artificial surfaces, considerable forest was converted to cultivated land in Southeast Asia. The increase of multi-cropping index dominated the region except the Central and Eastern Europe, while the increase of fragmentation index was prevailing in the region except for a few South Asian countries. Our results indicate that the negative consequence of cultivated land loss in China might be underestimated by the domestic- focused studies, as none of its close neighbours experienced such obvious cultivated land losses. Nevertheless, the increased cultivated land area in Southeast Asia and the extensive cultivated land use in Ukraine and Russia imply that the regional food production would be greatly improved if China’ “Go Out policy” would help those countries to intensify their cultivated land use.     

Conflict on the Range: Evaluating Driving Factors of Attitudes Toward Prey Species in Qilianshan

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a global conservation issue of increasing concern, and understanding the factors driving conflict is crucial for preventing or mitigating it. In many parts of China, large human populations and increasing development has led to an escalation in HWC with both carnivore and prey species. In this paper we assess herder attitudes toward blue sheep (Pseudaois nayaur, Hodgson, 1833), white lipped deer (Carvus albirostris, Przewalski, 1883), red deer (Cervus elaphus, Linnaeus, 1758), and marmot (Marmota himalayana Hodgson, 1841) through interview-based surveys conducted in 46 households across 8 villages in Qilianshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu, China. We also examine the perceived impact of three ecological-restoration policies (anti-grazing, sustainable grazing, and grass-planting policies) on livelihoods, and how this affects attitudes toward wildlife. Herders reported neutral attitudes toward wildlife species in general, but reported negative attitudes towards blue sheep. Mixed-effects modeling revealed that herder attitudes toward the target species varied significantly across villages, but other socioeconomic variables had limited explanatory power for attitudes. Furthermore, we found that while policy implementation was negatively perceived by herders, anti-grazing policy implementation and total policy implementation were positively correlated with positive attitudes toward wildlife, highlighting a potential gap between perceived threats and actual threats. Finally, we show that the leading cause of reported livestock death is preventable disease, alleviation of which may help improve attitudes toward wildlife.     

基于CloudSat卫星分析西太平洋台风云系的垂直结构及其微物理特征

基于2012—2014年CloudSat卫星数据,按照热带气旋强度分类的6个等级以及沿台风中心的径向距离,分析西太平洋台风云系的垂直结构及其微物理特征。研究表明:(1)不同强度的台风云系中均是单层云占主导,多层云中双层云出现比例最高;随着台风强度的增强,距离台风中心250km之内,单层云分布位置更加集中且垂直厚度较厚,而450km之外的单层云一直集中在7~15km,厚度较薄;随着台风强度的增强,距离台风中心250km之内的双层云中的底层云和顶层云均增厚且分布位置更加趋于集中,云间距变窄,而450km之外顶层云和底层云较薄,云间距一直较大。(2)台风云系中,深对流云、高层云、卷云与其他云类型相比,分布的垂直范围较广,出现频率较高,分布的位置会随着台风强度变化和沿台风中心径向距离的增加有明显的变化。(3)随着台风强度的增强,近台风中心5km以上的回波有明显增强,除此高值区外,发展较为成熟的台风,距台风中心450km之外也会出现多个明显的柱状回波高值区。(4)近台风中心液水含量的值和冰水含量的值随强度变化均有明显增加,但外围云系中也有分散的冰水含量高值中心但分布高度相对较低,在10km附近;液水粒子数浓度的高值区域与液水含量的高值区非常对应,而冰水含量的高值区位于冰粒子数浓度的高值区下方,表明小的冰粒子被较强的对流活动带到了高处,而大的冰粒子集中在云系较低处。     

论地理学的身体美学研究

首先回顾了地理学关于身体美学研究的起源、发展、形成,并对其内涵做以解读;然后总结了身体第一性、精神分析、审美感知、审美表现等分析方法;再次从身体塑造的基础层次与智慧延伸、身体塑造的地方性与时代性、身体塑造与文化、精神、环境的关系等方面,在先天自然美和后天人工美两个层次上阐释了身体美学的实际应用;最后概括了学科性质、研究重点和研究目标,也展望了发展前景。研究发现:⑴地理学的身体美学研究强调对身体美的感知及其对人体机能乃至身体价值的欣赏,强调一种以身体为中心的"状态"和生活方式,强调人的自然美与社会美的和谐,强调普遍的个人身体方面的行为规范,强调身体美的正确引导、控制与改进及其接近生活实际。⑵地理学通过情感地理、文化地理和行为地理等与"地方"观点、"表征与非表征"观点相结合,于20世纪90年代初在新文化地理范畴下揭示了身体美学内涵:人作为文化行为主体与地方相互作用形成人的"归属"并最终形成"地方"文化,身体美学与新文化地理学交集于身体文化意义的研究。⑶在身体塑造过程中存在身体美学的地方和时代差异,不同空间和时间背景下影响社会认知和审美的因素不断变化,人在不同环境下与地方情感相结合,因地方情结的差异和时代特征的差异带来对身体认知的不同,形成了身体塑造的差异性。地理学的身体美学研究丰富了人文地理学的内容。     

A linear tessellation model to identify spatial pattern in urban street networks

Street patterns reflect the distribution characteristics of a street network and affect the urban structure and human behavior. The recognition of street patterns has been a topic of interest for decades. In this study, a linear tessellation model is proposed to identify the spatial patterns in street networks. The street segments are broken into consecutive linear units with equal length. We define five focal operations using neighborhood analysis to extract the geometric and topological characteristics of each linear unit for the purpose of grid-pattern recognition. These are then classified by Support Vector Machine, and the result is optimized based on Gestalt principles. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is effective for mining grid patterns in a street network.     

乡镇区域生态环境气象指标初探

基于安徽省来安县区域生态环境气象监测站网数据和卫星遥感数据,选取了能见度、霾频率、温湿适宜频率和植被覆盖度4个因子进行统计分析,从而构建了乡镇区域生态环境的气象评价指标(MEI)。对2015年8月至12月来安县各乡镇的MEI适用性和可靠性进行了试算验证,结果表明MEI能够科学合理地反映各乡镇区域间生态环境质量状况的差异和季节变化差异。本文提出的指标适用于乡镇级及以上的行政区域范围内的霾监测和评估,以及地方社会经济发展对生态环境的影响评估,旨在为乡镇级区域生态环境健康发展提供科学依据。     

不同天气现象下毕节高温特征及预报回归检验分析

利用毕节2010-2019年观测资料,分析不同天气现象下日最高气温特征,建立高温模型,并对近5 a 24 h高温进行检验,得出如下结论:(1)毕节高温日变化在夏季最稳定,春季波动最大。气温日较差晴天最大,阴天最小,多云时略大于阴间多云。(2)毕节8~10成云出现频率高达65.7%,夏季晴天频率波动大,春、夏季多云频率较高,且按天气现象分类统计月平均高温时,其峰值均出现在7月。(3) 24 h高温预报准确率月、季变化特征明显,夏季准确率最高,较最低的冬季高出21.4%,在区别天气现象的情况下,阴雨天时预报准确率最高,多云时最低,其中12月多云时最低为25%。(4)回归模型分析发现不同季节同种天气现象24 h高温预报影响因子权重差异明显,日照时数和平均本站气压对模型影响程度较高。不同季节晴天影响因子差异最大,拟合效果最好时段在夏季,平均估计误差为1.2℃,估计误差最大在冬季,平均估计误差为1.7℃。     

城乡文化信息流时空整合的理论体系构建

为了探寻城乡文化信息流的基本规律,将综合运用大数据思维和Petri网理论,通过“3S”集成技术以及State flow分析工具,旨在解决如何测度城乡文化信息的流态关系和构建时空整合模型两个科学问题。从“动态”的城乡文化“场域”视野出发,以城乡文化信息流的时空整合为研究对象,探索文化信息流对新城乡文化空间形成的影响,并研制出驱动机理和时空整合模式,初步构建现代城乡文化信息流的时空整合理论,力图为促进新文化地理学和信息社会学等多学科的交融发展创建新的理论菜单,为加快城乡文化一体化发展奠定理论基础,为中国城乡文化信息资源共享工程的可持续建设提供科学理论支撑。     

长株潭城市群污染空间识别与污染分布研究

利用Arc-GIS空间分析软件对各类型污染进行空间识别和分布模拟,探究长株潭城市群污染空间分布特征。结果显示：① 该区大气环境污染以扬尘和煤烟型为主,主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物和二氧化硫,重点污染区域在长沙、株洲、湘潭三市主城区,呈点状分布;② 该区水域整体水质基本达标,水体环境污染以氨氮和各类重金属为主,且有明显的季节变化规律;③ 土壤污染覆盖范围较广,以株洲市的石峰区为代表,以镉污染最为严重,主要原因为重化工业排污累积。总之,株洲污染最严重,湘潭和长沙次之。污染空间的形成与长株潭城市群的地形地势及三类污染元素之间的转化有较大关联。